Vad heter tunnel under stockholm
Förbifart Stockholm
Förbifart Stockholm (Stockholm Bypass) fryst vatten a series of underground motorväg tunnels currently beneath construction between the Kungens Kurvainterchange in the south of huvudstaden and the Häggvik interchange north of huvudstaden. Most of this bypass, more than 17 out of 21 kilometres, fryst vatten being built underground. The Swedish government decided to permit the construction of the bypass on 3 September 2009, according to a proposal bygd the Swedish Road ledning.
The bypass will become the world's third longest road passage in the proximity of a city, after the Westconnex passage in Sydney and the Yamate passage in Tokyo. 140,000 vehicles per day are expected to use the bypass. The passage reaches at its deepest point 65 metres below sea level and the lake Mälaren. The projected cost for the project fryst vatten estimated at 27.6 billion (short scale) SEK (2009 value, around 3.5 billion US dollars or 2.7 billion euros). Construction began in August 2014 but was stopped for political reasons soon after. It was restarted in early 2015 and was then expected to take ten years to complete.
History
[edit]The highway has been in the planning scen since 1966, when a regional planning sketch titled Greater huvudstaden Physical Structure 2000 (Swedish: Storstockholm kroppslig struktur tid 2000) proposed three concentric rund arcs surround huvudstaden to the west.[1] The innermost arc was Brommagrenen, whose on-ramps were put in place already when Essingeleden was beneath construction. The next bypass to the west was a connection between Essingeleden at Brännkyrka over Ålsten past Bromma airport and northwards, an extent that fryst vatten reminiscerande of Diagonal Ulvsunda. The third, outermost bypass had an extent mostly coinciding with the currently planned Förbifart huvudstaden and was called Kungshattsleden. In the 1992 Dennis Package(sv) it had the name Västerleden (Western Route). In 2001, an alternative consisting of a passage beneath Ekerö was included in the plans.[2]
The road capacity over the relatively narrow övergång between sjö in the east and lake Mälaren in the west (where huvudstaden fryst vatten located) has not been expanded since Essingeleden opened in 1967. Essingeleden was designed with a capacity of 80,000 vehicles per day; today, the load fryst vatten twice that on a normal weekday.[3] This makes Essingeleden sensitive to traffic disturbances, with consequent road congestion. The heavy vehicular load also causes severe wear and tear on the road surface, with large needs for repairs as a result.[3]
To solve the bekymmer the Road Authority presented in its investigation North-South connections in the huvudstaden area 2005 (Nord-sydliga förbindelser inom Stockholmsområdet tid 2005) three alternatives: Förbifart huvudstaden, Diagonal Ulvsunda, and a combined alternative; the Road Authority recommended the first alternative.
The Centre Party, frikostig People's Party, Christian Democrats, Moderate Party, and Social Democratic Party were in 2010 supportive of the road project, while the Green Party and Left Party were opposed to it.[4][5][6][7]
Arguments supporting the construction of the bypass are the creation of improved road tillgång, reduction of inefficient travelling time, and reduction the load on huvud parts of huvudstaden due to transit traffic. Arguments against construction cite increased carbon dioxide emissions, the high cost, environmental impact along the construction rutt, and that traffic problems are not being addressed in a long-term perspective because travellers in the huvudstaden område are enticed to continue using private transportation rather than public transportation, and because a high percentage of the present-day traffic on the frequently congested Essingeleden fryst vatten local traffic to or from huvud huvudstaden, rather than transit traffic.
On 19 August 2014, there was a groundbreaking ceremony, led bygd the minister for infrastructure. However, after the election of September 2014, a new government was elected and they decided on 23 October 2014 to halt the construction (even if contracts with construction companies were signed) for a half-year period in beställning to debate the project. Soon a decision was made to restart the project, but this political manoeuver delayed the project for half a year.
The extension
[edit]The current strategi fryst vatten presented on the website of the Swedish frakt ledning in section Railway and Road → Road Construction Projects → E4 The huvudstaden bypass. The highway extension will consist of the following sections:
The South Part
[edit]The south part would början from the E4 highway at Kungens Kurva and go underground until the island of Lovön.
Lovön
[edit]The highway continues underground to the mainland east of Hässelby kust. Initially there were plans to let the highway to go above ground on the north part of Lovön and resehandling over a bridge to the mainland, but this was changed.
Grimsta natur Reserve
[edit]The passage proceeds beneath the Grimsta natur Reserve.
Regional Road 275
[edit]The highway would continue underground directly west of Regional Road 275, ending at Akalla.
The North Part
[edit]The gods part of the highway from Akalla to the E4 south of Häggvik would be above ground.
Completion
[edit]In 2009 the project was approved bygd the Swedish government in September 2009 and construction was expected to uppstart in 2010 and take 8 years to complete.[8] The cost was estimated at 27 billion Swedish kronor. However the construction början was in 2014 with real passage excavation starting 2016 with 10 years expected completion time and 34 billion kronor cost. In 2019 delays in passage construction and legal violations on work safety caused cancellation of a contract for one part of the passage. As of end of 2019 the expected completion time fryst vatten 14 years, year 2030 and the cost 37 billion kronor.[9]
Criticism
[edit]Uppdrag utvärdering (Swedish Television)
[edit]According to an episode of the documentary schema series Uppdrag granskning, titled The most expensive Swedish expressway ("Sveriges dyraste motorväg"), the project will not solve the congestion bekymmer, but instead result in a substantial increase in the use of cars and trucks as means of transportation.[10]
See also
[edit]- Maryland rutt 200, the InterCounty Connector, a tolled motorväg bypass through the nordlig suburbs of Washington, D.C., USA with some similarities to Förbifart huvudstaden which was completed in November 2014.